Function to create radial (also called Galbraith) plots for objects of class "rma".

radial(x, ...)
galbraith(x, ...)

# S3 method for rma
radial(x, center=FALSE, xlim, zlim, xlab, zlab,
       atz, aty, steps=7, level=x$level, digits=2, back="lightgray",
       transf, targs, pch=19, arc.res=100, cex, ...)

Arguments

x

an object of class "rma".

center

logical to indicate whether the plot should be centered horizontally at the model estimate (the default is FALSE).

xlim

x-axis limits. If unspecified, the function tries to set the x-axis limits to some sensible values.

zlim

z-axis limits. If unspecified, the function tries to set the z-axis limits to some sensible values (note that the z-axis limits are the actual vertical limit of the plotting region).

xlab

title for the x-axis. If unspecified, the function tries to set an appropriate axis title.

zlab

title for the z-axis. If unspecified, the function tries to set an appropriate axis title.

atz

position for the z-axis tick marks and labels. If unspecified, these values are set by the function.

aty

position for the y-axis tick marks and labels. If unspecified, these values are set by the function.

steps

the number of tick marks for the y-axis (the default is 7). Ignored when argument aty is used.

level

numeric value between 0 and 100 to specify the level of the z-axis error region (the default is to take the value from the object).

digits

integer to specify the number of decimal places to which the tick mark labels of the y-axis should be rounded (the default is 2).

back

color of the z-axis error region. Set to NA to suppress shading of the region.

transf

optional argument to specify a function to transform the y-axis labels (e.g., transf=exp; see also transf). If unspecified, no transformation is used.

targs

optional arguments needed by the function specified via transf.

pch

plotting symbol. By default, a filled circle is used. See points for other options.

arc.res

integer to specify the number of line segments to use when drawing the y-axis and confidence interval arcs (the default is 100).

cex

optional character and symbol expansion factor. If unspecified, the function tries to set this to a sensible value.

...

other arguments.

Details

For an equal-effects model, the plot shows the inverse of the standard errors on the horizontal axis against the observed effect sizes or outcomes standardized by their corresponding standard errors on the vertical axis. Since the vertical axis corresponds to standardized values, it is referred to as the z-axis within this function. On the right hand side of the plot, an arc is drawn (referred to as the y-axis within this function) corresponding to the observed effect sizes or outcomes. A line projected from (0,0) through a particular point within the plot onto this arc indicates the value of the observed effect size or outcome for that point.

For a random-effects model, the function uses \(1/\sqrt{v_i + \tau^2}\) for the horizontal axis, where \(v_i\) is the sampling variance of the observed effect size or outcome and \(\tau^2\) is the amount of heterogeneity as estimated based on the model. For the z-axis, \(\sqrt{v_i + \tau^2}\) is used to standardize the observed effect sizes or outcomes.

If the model contains moderators, the function returns an error.

Value

A data frame with components:

x

the x-axis coordinates of the points that were plotted.

y

the y-axis coordinates of the points that were plotted.

ids

the study id numbers.

slab

the study labels.

Note that the data frame is returned invisibly.

References

Galbraith, R. F. (1988). Graphical display of estimates having differing standard errors. Technometrics, 30(3), 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1988.10488400

Galbraith, R. F. (1988). A note on graphical presentation of estimated odds ratios from several clinical trials. Statistics in Medicine, 7(8), 889–894. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780070807

Galbraith, R. F (1994). Some applications of radial plots. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 89(428), 1232–1242. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1994.10476864

Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03

See also

rma.uni, rma.mh, rma.peto, rma.glmm, and rma.mv for functions to fit models for which radial plots can be drawn.

Examples

### calculate log risk ratios and corresponding sampling variances
dat <- escalc(measure="RR", ai=tpos, bi=tneg, ci=cpos, di=cneg, data=dat.bcg)
dat
#> 
#>    trial               author year tpos  tneg cpos  cneg ablat      alloc      yi     vi 
#> 1      1              Aronson 1948    4   119   11   128    44     random -0.8893 0.3256 
#> 2      2     Ferguson & Simes 1949    6   300   29   274    55     random -1.5854 0.1946 
#> 3      3      Rosenthal et al 1960    3   228   11   209    42     random -1.3481 0.4154 
#> 4      4    Hart & Sutherland 1977   62 13536  248 12619    52     random -1.4416 0.0200 
#> 5      5 Frimodt-Moller et al 1973   33  5036   47  5761    13  alternate -0.2175 0.0512 
#> 6      6      Stein & Aronson 1953  180  1361  372  1079    44  alternate -0.7861 0.0069 
#> 7      7     Vandiviere et al 1973    8  2537   10   619    19     random -1.6209 0.2230 
#> 8      8           TPT Madras 1980  505 87886  499 87892    13     random  0.0120 0.0040 
#> 9      9     Coetzee & Berjak 1968   29  7470   45  7232    27     random -0.4694 0.0564 
#> 10    10      Rosenthal et al 1961   17  1699   65  1600    42 systematic -1.3713 0.0730 
#> 11    11       Comstock et al 1974  186 50448  141 27197    18 systematic -0.3394 0.0124 
#> 12    12   Comstock & Webster 1969    5  2493    3  2338    33 systematic  0.4459 0.5325 
#> 13    13       Comstock et al 1976   27 16886   29 17825    33 systematic -0.0173 0.0714 
#> 

### fit equal-effects model
res <- rma(yi, vi, data=dat, method="EE")

### draw radial plot
radial(res)

### line from (0,0) with slope equal to the log risk ratio from the 4th study
abline(a=0, b=dat$yi[4], lty="dotted")


### meta-analysis of the log risk ratios using a random-effects model
res <- rma(yi, vi, data=dat)

### draw radial plot
radial(res)